By Sarah McDermott & Kirstie Brewer
BBC News
While the Queen was lying in state, on top of her coffin rested the Imperial State Crown, perhaps the most familiar treasure in the Crown Jewels – a priceless collection of tens of thousands of gemstones collected over the centuries by British kings and queens.
The crown sparkles with nearly 3,000 stones – including 2,868 diamonds, 273 pearls, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds, and five rubies.
"It can be quite hard to look at sometimes because of the sheer light that comes off them. It's literally dazzling… visually overpowering," says historian and author of The Crown Jewels, Anna Keay.
She says historically, right back to the Middle Ages, crowns were viewed as expressions of wealth and status.
"It signifies majesty, it signifies sovereignty."
Made in 1937 for the coronation of the Queen's father, King George VI, the Imperial State Crown was designed to be lighter, and to fit better, than the crown it replaced – which dated back to Queen Victoria. But nevertheless, the Imperial Crown still weighs in at a hefty 2.3lbs (1.06kg).
During her reign, Queen Elizabeth II would wear it annually for the State Opening of Parliament – as she sat on a golden throne reading out the government's key legislative plans for the year ahead.
In 2018, the Queen joked about how heavy the crown felt to wear.
"You can't look down to read the speech, you have to take the speech up, because if you did your neck would break," explained Her Majesty.
"There are some disadvantages to crowns, but otherwise they're quite important things."
In 2019, when the monarch was well into her 90s, a lighter crown was used – and in 2021, the final time she took part in the ceremony, she didn't wear one at all.
The Imperial State Crown includes the 317 carat Cullinan II diamond – sometimes called the Second Star of Africa. Cut from the largest diamond ever found, it was given to Edward VII on his 66th birthday by the government of the Transvaal – a former British crown colony – in present day South Africa.
It also includes the oldest gem in the royal collection – a sapphire said to have once been worn in a ring by the 11th Century king of England, St Edward the Confessor. The stone is now set at the centre of the cross that tops the crown.
The Queen was particularly keen on a large red gemstone in the crown – known as the Black Prince's Ruby. It is thought to have been worn in 1415 during the Hundred Years' War by Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt – when English forces beat the French to the south of Calais.
Legend has it that the king placed a feather in a hole drilled into the ruby. "It's fun to see," the Queen told the BBC in 2018, "the idea that his plume was put into the stone on his helmet – bit rash, but that was the sort of thing they did, I suppose, in those days."
BBC presenter Clive Myrie – who was given unprecedented, close-up access to the crown earlier this year for a BBC documentary – described seeing it as "almost unreal".
"The clarity of the diamonds is absolutely unbelievable."
The Crown Jewels
With unprecedented access to the latest technology, Clive Myrie reveals the magnificent, astonishing, complicated history buried within the Crown Jewels
Watch now on BBC iPlayer (UK Only)
But putting a price on how much the Imperial State Crown – and all the Crown Jewels – is worth is nigh on impossible. Royal expert Alastair Bruce told the BBC documentary the collection was beyond monetary value.
"Calling it priceless is sensible, but you can just add as many zeros as there are diamonds in the collection."
When not in use, the Imperial State Crown is on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London – which has been home to the Crown Jewels for more than 600 years.
Following tradition, King Charles III will wear the St Edward's Crown for his coronation, but will put on the Imperial State Crown to leave Westminster Abbey at the end of the ceremony. Then, like his mother before him, he will wear the Imperial State Crown at the opening of Parliament, as well as on other official occasions.
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